The significance of in-group and out-group categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm. The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues beginning in the 1970s during his work in formulating social identity theory. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or nation. By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. In sociology and social psychology, an in-group is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. sporting staff (referees, timekeepers, statisticians and in-game adjudicators).
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